EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM POULTRY FEEDS AND DROPPINGS WITHIN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS
ABSTRACT: The emergence of multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens from foods of animal origin, including poultry is a major concern globally. This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistance bacteria from poultry feeds and droppings. A total of 10 feeds and 15 droppings were obtained from fifteen (15) poultry farms from within Port Harcourt metropolis. The methods of analysis were; Total count, Isolation of organism, Biochemical Testing, and Sensitivity testing. The findings show that a total of forty-eight (48) isolates were isolated. The number of organisms in feeds ranged from 7 to 18 x 10^7cfu/ml and that of the droppings from 14 to 50 x 10^7cfu/ml. The organisms isolated from the samples were; Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella spp, Salmonella spp, and Escherichia coli. They were tested against Amoxicillin/Clavulanate, Tetracycline, Ceftriaxone, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Cefoxitin, Levofloxacin, Clindamycin, and Vancomycin. The percentage resistance of Salmonella spp to the antibiotics were; Amoxicillin (12.5%), Gentamycin (12.5%), Erythromycin (25%), Tetracycline (62.5%), Ceftriaxone (12.5%), Cefoxitin (50%) and Levofloxacin (0%). Those of Escherichia coli were; Amoxicillin (50 %), Gentamycin (21.4%), Erythromycin (14.2%), Tetracycline (92.8%), Ceftriaxone (21.4%), Cefoxitin (42.8%) and Levofloxacin (0%). For Pseudomonas spp, it includes; Amoxicillin (60 %), Gentamycin (10%), Erythromycin (10%), Tetracycline (60%), Ceftriaxone (40%), Cefoxitin (40%) and Levofloxacin (10%). The percentage resistance for Klebsiella spp were; Amoxicillin (50%), Gentamycin (50%), Tetracycline (0%), Erythromycin (0%), Ceftriaxone (33.3%), Cefoxitin (33.3%) and Levofloxacin (0%). For Escherichia coli, the percentage resistance were, Amoxicillin (30%), Gentamycin (20%), Erythromycin (30%), Clindamycin (20%), Tetracycline (70%), Ceftriaxone (100%), Cefoxitin (60%) and Levofloxacin (10%). From the result, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas spp showed the highest resistance. In conclusion, the resistant strains can be transferred from poultry to humans, thereby increasing the burden of antimicrobial resistance.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Antibiotics are one of the major classes of drugs used in poultry management. They are majorly used as growth promoters. The antibiotics administered act to (a)promoting the synthesis of vitamin K by an intestinal parasite(b) reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria, thereby reducing the host-pathogen competition (c) destroying toxin-producing bacteria (d) improving or increasing energy efficiency in the gut and (e) Increasing/improving enzymatic activity.
It is estimated at present that 40% of the antibiotics produced are used for feed additives. Estimates allocate 0.5million kg to the cattle industry, 1 million kg to poultry and 1.4 million kg to other animals such as companion animals. Most of the antibiotics used in poultry are not used as veterinary medicine but rather in sub-therapeutic doses for increasing growth, performance and feed efficiency. When antibiotics are used sub-therapeutically (for animals’ performance, increased growth, and improved feed efficiency), the cost of meat, eggs, and other animal product is lowered (Sneeringer et al., 2015). However, the administration of sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics leads to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As the sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics are administered to the animals, it kills the bacteria sensitive to the administered antibiotic, whereas the resistant bacteria continue to thrive. According to a consumer reports investigation in 2013, it was reported that over half of the ground turkey meat sold in the US (United States) contained strains of drug-resistant bacteria. Thus, a resistant bacteria strain can easily be transmitted to humans or other animals in contact with the infected animal by simply ingesting them. In a nutshell, the practice of using antibiotics for growth stimulant is a problem because;
- They are the largest used antimicrobials worldwide.
- Their sub-therapeutic use leads to bacterial resistance.
- Every important class of antibiotics are being used in this way, making every classless effective
- The bacteria being changed harm to humans (Silbergeld and Graham, 2008).
In Nigeria, the frequency of antibiotics usage showed that majority of the farmers administered antibiotics on their animals yearly (21%) and monthly (16%), while tetracyclines (25%) and penicillins (19.5%) appeared to be the most commonly patronized antibiotics by farmers in this region (Mamza, 2018).
1.2 Aim and Objectives
Aim
- To evaluate the antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from poultry feeds and droppings.
Objectives
- To isolate microorganisms from poultry feeds and droppings.
- To determine the level of microbial contamination of poultry feeds.
- To determine the susceptibility of isolated organisms to selected antibiotics.
- To determine the percentage prevalence of isolated organisms from poultry feeds and droppings.
1.3 Justification of the Study
The emergence of antibiotic resistance is a major concern globally. The increased resistance bacteria has rendered some medically important antibiotics less effective, hence making treatment of diseases caused by such organisms difficult and often requiring more expensive antibiotics and longer course of treatment.
This research study is aimed at determining the presence of bacteria in poultry feeds and droppings within Port Harcourt metropolis, to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility test on the isolated organisms.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
List of tables vii
List of figures ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction and Literature Review
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1Aim and Objectives 2
1.1.2 Justification of study 3
1.2 Literature Review 3
1.2. 1 Antimicrobial resistance 3
1.2 .2 Types of antimicrobial resistance 3
1.2.3 Origin of drug resistance 4
1.2.4 Mechanism of bacterial genetic variability 4
1.2.5 Mechanism of antimicrobial resistance 5
1.2.6 Classification of resistance pattern 10
1.3 Poultry Feed 11
1.3.1 Main Ingredients 12
1.3.2 Common ingredients used in typical poultry feed formulations 12
1.3.3 Antibiotics commonly used in poultry feeds 17
1.3.3.1 Benefits of Antibiotics use in poultry feed 18
1.3.3.2 Risks of antibiotics in poultry feed 20
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Materials And Methods
2.1 Materials 45
2.1.1 Culture Media 45
2.1.2 Equipment/Apparatus 45
2.1.3 Reagents/Chemicals 45
2.2. Method 46
2.2.1 Collection of Samples 46
2.2.2 Preparation of Sample 46
2.2.3 Dilution of Sample 46
2.2.4 Isolation of Bacteria 46
2.2.5 Identification and Characterization 47
2.2.5, 1 Morphological Characterization 47
2.2.5.2 Biochemical Characterization 47
2.2.5.3 Antibiotics Susceptibility Test 50
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Results
3.1 Total Bacterial Viable Counts 51
3.2 Gram Staining And Biochemical Test 51
3.3 Bacteria Isolated From Sample
3.4 Antibiotic Susceptibility Test 58
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Discussion and Conclusion 68
4.1 Discussion 68
4.1.1 Total bacterial viable count 68
4.1.2 Antibiotic resistance 69
4.2 Conclusion 71
REFERENCES 72
APPENDIX 76
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Commonly encountered resistant bacteria 9
Table3.1 Total viable count for poultry feeds 52
Table3.2 Total viable count for poultry droppings 53
Table 3.3 Gram staining and biochemical characterization 54
Table 3.4 Prevalence of isolated organisms 56
Table3.5 Antibiotic susceptibility test for Staphylococcus aureus 59
Table 3.6 Antibiotic susceptibility test for Escherichia coli 60
Table 3.7 Antibiotic susceptibility test for Salmonella spp 61
Table 3.8. Antibiotic susceptibility test for Pseudomonas spp 62
Table 3.9 Percentage resistance of Gram negative isolates 63
Table 3.10 Percentage resistance of Gram positive isolate 65
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1.1 Benefits of antibiotics used in poultry feeds 19
Fig 1.2 Routes of transmission of antibiotics resistance from livestock to humans 22
Fig 3.1 Percentage prevalence of bacteria isolated from poultry droppings and feeds 57
Fig 3.2 Resistance of gram-negative isolates to tested antibiotics 64
Fig 3.3. Isolate of resistant Staphylococcus aureus to tested antibiotics 66
Fig 3.4 Susceptible isolates against tested antibiotics 67
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